System Design 01 _ Core capabilities

Three of our goals (adaptability, security, and reliability), require our operating system to favor an approach to programming based on lots small and independently managed programs that work together. This has some consequences on other parts of its design than the sole processes, as we’ll explain below.  THE LIFE OF PROCESSES
Let’s first consider the following task in a world of independent programs : a user clicks on a button whose sole function is to hide itself. Sounds simple. It would work something close to the following way (each blue box being an independent program) :

The mouse click on the button is sent in the form of a cryptic message (1) to a process called the mouse driver, which decodes it and interprets it as a click. A higher level of abstraction may be required, especially if several mouses or a multi-touch screen are in use, through a “pointer manager” to which the click is redirected (2). Whether this happens or not, a process managing the UI of all programs is finally informed (3) that a click occurred at a given position of the screen. Using some internal logic, it determines which program is concerned by the click, and that a button was clicked. It then finds in which way the program wanted to be informed that someone clicked on this button, and informs it as required (4). The process execute the planned instruction, hiding the button. But it can’t do it all by itself, it tells the UI manager process to do so (5). The UI manager determines which effect hiding the button will have on the window of the program (showing what’s behind), and tells a drawing process to display said effect on the screen (6). The drawing process turns what the UI manager said in simple, generic graphic instructions (e.g. OpenGL commands) that are transmitted to a graphics driver (7), whose job is to communicate with the graphic hardware. This driver turns the hardware-independent instructions into model-specific cryptic instructions, that are then sent to the hardware so that the screen look changes in order to reflect the disappearance of the button (8).

As we can see, even the simplest GUI manipulations involve an important amount of work. This emphasizes the importance of using isolated and independent programs : a single program doing all this would be huge, which is a synonym for slow, buggy, and hardly modifiable. We also see that our multi-programs design will require, for performance reasons, that communication between processes was fast.
CORE-LEVEL CAPABILITIES
But now is the time to say a sad thing : processes don’t actually exist in the hardware. Hardware is stupid and near-sighted, in order to be inexpensive. What usual computer processors can actually do is something like the following :

• Core vs user applications separation : The processor can run in “kernel mode”, where everything is possible, as required by some parts of the operating system, and in a restricted “user mode” that is more suitable for most applications as it introduces several restrictions in their capabilities that prevent them from breaking everything when they run amok, as we’ll see below. It should be clear that for this to be efficient, the part of the software running in kernel mode should be as limited as possible.
• Crunching numbers : That’s what programs do in a large part of their time.
• Reading and writing data in main memory : Actually, the hardware is a little smarter than that : it may make a program work in a subset of main memory while restricting its use of the rest of it (not being able to write in it, or even to access it at all) by reporting such demands to kernel-mode software.
• Offering access to chipsets and peripherals in a very primitive way : Only kernel-mode software may do that.
• Running specific instructions when some part of the hardware or the software requests attention : This “interruption” mechanism is very handy in uncountable amounts of cases, and only kernel-mode software may change which instructions are run.

And that’s about all. This means that we’ll have to write software for all the rest. To meet all of our goals, the core of the operating system, managing the process abstraction and direct access to the hardware, will have to provide the following capabilities :

• Process/thread management and scheduling : Isolating applications from each other in memory (making them become what’s called a process) and running several parts of a process simultaneously (each part being called a thread) requires some work from the core. In particular, “fake” simultaneity often has to be enforced by quickly switching from one task to another. In that case, the order in which tasks are run and the switching time are determined using some rules, a concept called scheduling that has to be implemented at the core of the system.
• Resource allocation and hardware-process communication : Sharing memory and other hardware resources between several processes is generally an unwanted behavior, as it makes programming harder, even though in some cases it might be convenient. Therefore, such a situation should only be possible if all involved processes are wanting it. This result can be achieved by making all hardware resources managed by the core of the operating system and then give (or allocate) them to programs in a way that no unwanted sharing may occur.
  It may also happen that the hardware has something to say (e.g. “HDD full” or “Operation complete”, but in cyphered hardware language). For the same reason as above, the operating system will take care of every hardware message, and then transmit it to the process managing that hardware through interprocess communication techniques (see below).
• Interprocess communication : The processes should be able to communicate with each other and work together. In this particular operating system, as it is a very important issue, we choose to implement several mechanism, some faster than others, in order to give developers much freedom and favor multi-process programming. If some are not used, we’ll still be able to remove them later.
  • Signals : Dumbest but fastest form of interprocess communication. Related to hardware interrupts, this feature triggers the launch of a planned action from the distant process, with possibility of the OS providing “generic” actions when the receiver did not plan to receive that signal.
  • Sending and receiving data : Related to UNIX-ish pipes, this feature allows a process to have a number of sockets in order to send or receive data to or from another process. It’s worth noting that said programs must be explicitly waiting for that data, for example by defining a function that’s triggered upon receiving data, otherwise it will just accumulate in a system-provided buffer and be eventually lost. Each program has three default sockets for legacy reasons : standard text input, standard text output, error (text) output.
  • Shared memory : Sending and receiving data requires making a copy of it. For large data, it is unpleasant and generally unwanted. Moreover, it is sometimes interesting to keep a pack of data shared between multiple applications, so that when one modifies the data, the other one sees those modifications right away. It’s also useful for reliability purposes : if a process crashes, the other keeps the shared data safely. There should hence be a way to make a region of memory actually shared by two programs. Sharing would be initiated by the program owning the data, and result in the other one receiving a pointer that, upon use, triggers the actual sharing process and makes the shared part of the other process’s memory become a part of his memory too.
  • Distant procedure call : DPC is when a program calls a function from another program. It can be implemented either statically (like using shared libraries, the program look for its sibling at launch time and launches it if needed, then the shared functions between processes become effectively shared between the processes) or dynamically (somewhere in its run, the program instructs the system to find another process and run a “public” function from it). Dynamic RPC is slower than static RPC but induces more flexibility and robustness.
  • Synchronization : This is especially important when shared memory is around the corner. There should be a way of preventing multiple processes from doing certain things, as an example writing somewhere in memory all at once. This is called mutual exclusion and involves making sure that no more than a fixed number of process (generally one) may do something at the same time.
    Another useful way of synchronizing processes and threads is what’s called barriers : they’re basically about waiting for several processes or threads to have completed a task before moving to something else. It’s as an example useful when a task is divided in multiple smaller tasks that are distributed along multiple cores of a processor.
  • Capabilities : All the forms of IPC first involve to *find* a process to communicate with. This may work using an unique identifier for each running process (the PID), the process’s file name, but also a using “capability” based system that allows a process to be found based on what it does. This has not been implemented on a wide scale as far as I know, and needs careful testing as it may affect performance, but has potential interesting applications in the adaptability area.
One more though : if we want to make programming multiple processors an easy task, we must help the developer in this task. Practically, we’ll do this by introducing the possibility of making all interprocess communication running commands from a distant process create a new thread in order to run that command, a system called “pop-up threads”. This behavior reduces speed on mono-processor systems, but introduces a higher amount of parallelism that may permit much higher speed on multi-processor systems. Testing will tell if the performance footprint remains or if this capability overcomes it.
• Permissions : Another thing that should be managed about processes is what they have the right to do at a core level. Enforcing separation between kernel-mode software and user-mode software is of little use if user-mode software can ask anything from kernel-mode software. Hence, for each behavior above that may affect system stability and security, there should be a way to tell if the software has the right to do it and to what extent.
• Live updating and backing up of processes : These are more high-level feature. They are only here because they affect process management.
  Keeping programs up to date is necessary for reliability and security purposes. Until now, updating was implemented fully through user applications in desktop OSs and worked the following way : on Windows (and sometimes on Mac OS X), you have to reboot for every update, which is annoying and lead people to ignore them, while on other UNIXes updates are applied to files on disk, but not to running programs, which means that if the program is never stopped, it won’t be updated (some people always keep their computer in sleep mode because they fear long boot times), and it may eventually crash by reading files made for a new incompatible release of it. In this operating system, we would like to go one step further by allowing live updating of running processes with only little lag for the user. Now this clearly requires help from the operating system, as the updating program will have to play with the other one. How live updating will work has not yet been decided. We’ll go into more details in a later post.
  Then there’s the backup issue. How many of us have lost hours worth of work due to a program brutally crashing ? Of course, developers are responsible of that because they released buggy software. We all know that. But actually, debugging software is not just a boring task that developers want to avoid, it’s also extremely *hard* to find some bugs. Even the most stability-oriented and carefully designed program includes bugs in its first release, because discovering them would have involved some kind of testing that the developer couldn’t think of. So buggy software is not going to disappear anytime soon, and the operating system has to manage them. What I propose is backing up processes at regular time intervals, so that users would be able to “go back in time” after a crash (or any other thing that went wrong) and restore the program state that was around some minutes ago, limiting data loss and allowing to get back to work more quickly. Again, details are not suited for this introductory article and will be introduced later.

That’s a lot of work, isn’t it ? It would hence be a bad idea to group all this in a single kernel-mode program : we would lose the benefit of our multiple process design in the core area that’s precisely the most used part of the system ! For that reason, we’ll try to move as much work as we can in user processes, keeping only what’s  mandatory in one or more kernel-mode processes, simply called the kernel. That’s called a micro-kernel design, and it will be discussed in more detail in further articles that will more deeply describe each core feature presented above. For the moment, thank you for reading !

(As an aside, for a long time we’ll be focusing on core : it works almost independently of any other operating system function, it requires a lot of work, its good operation is vital, and it is needed in order to implement any other part of the OS, so it should receive first-class attention. We will probably implement the core just after designing it and before designing any other part of the OS, for debugging and testing purposes, but that still has to be confirmed)

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کیوں زندہ و جاوید کا ماتم نہیں کرتے؟

بسم اللہ الرحمن الرحیم

الحمد للہ رب العالمین و الصلوۃ و السلام علی محمد و آل محمد و لعنت اللہ علی اعدائھم اجمعین اما بعد۔۔۔

آیام عزا کی آمد آمد ہے اور یہ آیام جب بھی آتے ہیں تو مکتب حسینی سے وابسطہ افراد ایک مرتبہ پھر امام مظلوم کی بارگاہ میں تجدید عہد کے لئے میدان عمل میں نکل آتے ہیں، مگر جہاں پیروان ولایت حسین اپنے مولا و آقا کی تحریک کو ایک نئی شادابی بخشتے ہیں وہیں پیروان ولایت یزید بھی اپنے آقا کی حمایت میں سرگرم ہو جاتے ہیں اور اس کا ایک زندہ  ثبوت ہر سام محرم کی آمد پر بے سر و پا میسجس اور sms  ہیں جن کی بھرمار ہوتی ہے اور وہ اپنے عقیدے کا اعلان ان اچھوے ہٹکنڈوں کے ساتھ برملا کرتے ہیں۔ ان ہی اعتراضات میں سے ایک وہ گھسا پٹا شعر بھی ہے جو ہے تو اقبال سہیل  کا پر اسے علامہ اقبال جیسی عظیم ہستی سے منسوب کر کے نشر کیا جاتا ہے،جس کا بیسیون بار جواب نثر و نظم دونوں میں دیا جا چکا ہے مگر پھر بھی اس کو جام فتح سمجھ کر پیا اور نکارہ کامیابی سمجھ کر بجایا جاتا ہے اور یہ جدل و فریب لشکر یزید کی جانب سے نیا نہین ہیں کہ وہ باسی اور ۱۰۰ بار کے چابائے ہوے سوالوں سے استدلال کرنے کو اپںی نامنہاد فتح سمجھتے ہیں، پر مکتب حسین کی ہمیشہ سے یہ صفت رہی ہے کہ ان کی دامن میں یزیدی توپ کے ہر گولے کے جواب میں الغدیر میزائیل ہوتا ہے اور ہمیشہ رہے گا۔ کیوں کہ اس شعر کا علمی محاکمہ اور تحلیل اس لئے بھی ضروری تھی کہ اس توپ کے ناکارہ گولے کو عوام کی انکھوں کے سامنے برملا کرنا ضروری تھا جس میں شاعر موصوف نے اپنے زعم میں بڑا فلسفہ بیان کیا تھا اور پھر مجھے اس سے متعلق کچھ سوالات بھی موصول ہوئے اس لئے اس پر قلم اٹھانے کی ہمت کو یکجا کیا گیا۔ تاکہ سب کے لئے یکسان مفید رہے۔

وہ شعر کچھ یوں ہے۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔

روئیں وہ جو قائل ہوں ممات شہداء کے، ہم زندہ و جاوید کا ماتم نہیں کرتے

ائیے اس کا تجزیہ کرتے ہیں۔۔۔۔۔۔ اسلام شہداء کے بارے میں ایک منفرد نظریہ رکھتا ہے جسے حیات کہتے ہیں مگر جو موت و حیات شہداء سے متعلق ہے وہ کیا ہے۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔؟

ظاہر سی بات ہے کہ شہداء کی زندگی وہ مادی زندگی تو ہے نہیں جس لحاظ سے انہیں قبل شہادت زندہ اور ظاہری طور پر اس دار دنیا سے متعلق سمجھا جاتا ہے۔ اسی لئے شریعت اسلام میں شہداء کا ترکہ بھی تقسیم ہوتا ہے ان کے اطفال حکم یتیمان میں بھی آتے ہیں اور ان کی ازراج پر بیوہ کے لفظ کا اطلاق بھی ہوتا ہے۔ اگر ان کے لئے کسی بھی صورت سے موت کے تصور کا انکار کر دیا جائے تو ان کے متروکہ کی تقسیم، ان کے اطفال کی یتیمی اور ان کی ازواج کی بیوگی بلکل بےبنیاد ہے، جبکہ ہم جانتے ہیں کہ شرع مقدسہ میں شہید کی زوجہ کو عقد ثانی کی اجازت حاصل ہے اور اگر کسی شوہردار زن کا مرد زندہ ہو تو وہ عقد ثانی نہیں کر سکتی۔ اسی طرح شہید کے لئے غسل و کفن نہیں ہے مگر اگر یہ تصور رہے کہ اس پر موت کا کسی صورت سے اطلاق نہیں تو پھر اس پر نہ نمار میت ہونی چاہیے نہ ہی دفن کیوں کہ اس کا بھی تعلق موت سے ہے زندگی سے نہیں اور زندوں کو درگور کرنا جائز نہیں۔

تو معلوم ہوا کہ شہداء کی جو زندگی ثابت کی گئی ہے وہ ارتقائے بشریت کا کوئے خاص مرتبہ ہے۔ اب اس طرح سے دیکھا جائے تو اگرچہ اولیائے الہی میں سے کسی پر لفظ شہید کو اصطلاحی طور پر نہ بھی بولا جاتا ہو مگر ان کے لئے موت نہیں بلکہ زندگی جاویدانی  ہے مگر اس کے مدارج باعتبار مراتب تقرب جداگانہ ہونگے۔  رسول اسلام  ص کی متفقہ حدیث ہے جس کو سید علی ہمدانی نے مودۃ القربیٰ کے بلکل آخر کے صفحات میں بھی نقل کیا ہے کہ

“من مات علی حب آل محمدا مات شھیدا”

جو بھی آل محمد کی محبت میں مرا وہ شہید مرا

بے شک فقہی احکام مثلا غسل و کفن کا ساقط ہونا یہ شہید مبارز در میدان سے مخصوص  ہے مگر شہادت کا حصول ہر مومن کے لئے بقدر ایمان ممکن ہے، اور جب مومن کے لئے ممکن ہے تو انبیاء کا تو تذکرہ ہی کیا۔

اب اس مذکورہ بالا شعر کے مضمون پر غور کیجیئے جو کہتا ہے کہ ” زندہ و جاوید کا ماتم نہیں کرنا چاہیے” تو جیسے پہلے بیان ہوا کہ زندگی جاوید حسن عمل سے وابسطہ ہے تو اس سے نتیجہ یہ نکلا کہ ماتم کے قابل وہ ہیں جو انتہائی بد عمل ہوں، اور حسن عمل رکھنے والوں کا ماتم نہیں ہونا چاہیے۔ اب اس شعر سے ثابت ہونے والےنتیجہ  کو ہم قران پر پیش کرتے ہیں کیوں کہ اعتراض کرنے والا بظاہر مسلمان ہے اور اس نے جو کچھ کہا ہے اسے زیر لب تبسم کے ساتھ شاعرانہ کیف کو محسوس کرتے ہوئے نظر انداز نہین کیا جا سکتا کیوں کہ یہ شعر صغری و کبری کو مرتب کر کے ایک پوری قوم کے ایک خاص عمل پر انگشت اعتراض ہے۔

آیت قران سامنے ہے، جب لشکر فرعون غرق ہوا تو ارشار قدرت ہوا،

فَما بَكَتْ‏ عَلَيْهِمُ السَّماءُ وَ الْأَرْضُ وَ ما كانُوا مُنْظَرينَ (29) الدخان

نہ ان پر اسمان ر ویا اور یہ زمین نے گریا کیا اور نہ انہیں اللہ کی طرف سے مہلت دی گئی۔

ظاہر ہے کہ یہ ایک کنایہ ہے جو ان کی بداعمالیوں پر دال ہے۔ کنایہ میں کسی چیز  کی حقیقت کے  آثار و لوازم کا تذکرہ کر کے ذہن کو اس کی حقیقت کی طرف متوجہ کرایا جاتا ہے نہ یہ کہ اس کی ضد کے لوازم کو بیان کیا جائے، مثلا یہ بتانا ہوکہ صبح ہو گئی ہے تو  یہ کہا جائے گا کہ روشنی ہو گئی ہے یہ نہیں کہا جائے گا کہ اندھیرا ہو گیا ہے جو شام کے لوازم میں سے ہے۔ تو اب دیکھے کہ بقول شاعر رونا اسے چاہیے جو بد اعمال ہو نہ کہ اسے جو خوش عمل ہو اس کا مطلب یہ ہوا کہ رونا بد اعمالی کا نتیجہ ہے خوش اعمالی کا نہیں مگر قران تو کچھ اور ہی کہہ رہا ہے کہ “ان پر اسمان اور زمین نے گرا نہیں کیا”  اس سے ثابت ہوا کہ بد اعمالی کا تقاضہ یہ ہے کہ اس پر نہ رویا جائے، اس کے مقابل جو حسن عمل رکھتے ہوں وہ مستحق گریا ہوں گے۔ تو اب جانے والا جتنا بلند مرتبہ اور مرکز فیوض و براکات ہو گا اس کا اٹھنا اتنا ہی باعث ماتم و گریا ہو گا۔

ہر چند کہ زمین و آسمان کا گریا کرنا مجاز عقلی ہے جیسے ہم کہتے ہیں کہ “پورا شہر گواہ ہے” یعنی کہ اہل شہر گواہ ہیں، اسی طرح  زمین و آسمان کا رونا ان کے اہل کی طرف راجع ہے، مگر اٹھنے والے کی شخصیت پیش خدا کیا ہے، کے لحاظ سے یہ مجاز حقیقت بھی بن سکتا ہے، تو پھر اگر زندہ و جاوید پر اسمان و ز٘مین گریا کر سکتے ہیں جن کا ہر فعل تابع فرمان الہی ہے تو معلوم ہوا کہ ہم اس کا ماتم بھی کریں تو مرضی الہی کے مطابق ہو گا۔

ائیے اب اس معممہ کو دوسرے رخ سے  دیکھتے ہیں۔ شہداء کی خبر حیات ہمیں رسول ص کے ذریعے سے ہوئی تو یقینا آپ اس حیات کے تقاضوں سے ہم سے زیادہ واقف ہوں گے، تو ائیے دیکھتے ہیں کہ تاریخ اسلام میں رسول ص اس حوالے سے کیا عمل کرتے دیکھائی دیتے ہیں۔

کیا جناب حمزہ ع شہید ہیں کہ نہیں؟ ان کے شہید ہونے میں کیا شک ہو سکتا ہے کہ جو سید الشہداء کے لقب سے ملقب ہو۔ سو ان کے زندہ و جاوید ہونے میں کسی کو شک نہیں ہو سکتا۔ مگر حمزہ کی شہادت کے بعد کیا ہوا، خوشی یا گریا و ماتم۔۔۔۔۔؟ خوشی کے شادیانے تھے یا غم کی آہیں اور سسکیاں۔۔۔۔؟ تو اگر حمزہ کی شہادت پر رسول ہنستے ہوئے مل جائیں تو رونا بدعت اور اگر رسول روتے پائے جائیں تو رونا سنت اور خوشی منانا بدعت ہو گا۔

حضرت حمزہ کی شہادت ہوئی ان کی بہن صفیہ روتی ہوئی میدان میں آئیں لاش برادر پر گریہ شروع کیا اس موقعے پر یہ نہیں ہوا کہ رسول ص نے کہا ہو کہ کیوں زندہ و جاوید کو روتی ہو کیا شہید کی حیات میں شک ہے۔۔۔؟ مگر دیکھنے والوں نے دیکھا کہ آپ خود صفیہ کے ساتھ رونے میں شریک ہو گئے۔ 

مدینے پہنچے سب گھرون سے رونے کے صدائیں بلند تھیں حمزہ کا گھر خاموش رسول ص نے کہا کیا کوئی حمزہ کو رونے والا نہیں جب اس کی خبر انصار کو ملی تو  اپنی خواتین کو حمزہ کے گھر بھیج دیا اور گریا و زاری کی صدائیں بلند ہوئیں۔ 

   {تاریخ طبری، جلد ۲، صفحہ ۱۹۱، طبع نفیس اکیڈمی کراچی/ معارج النبوۃ، جلد ۲، صفحہ ۱۶۵ ، ۱۷۹، طبع شبیر برادرز لاہور، اسد الغابہ، جلد ۳، صفحہ ۶۰۵، سیرت الحلبیۃ، جلد ۲۔ صفحہ ۲۲۴ ، البدایۃ و النھایۃ، جلد ۵، صفحہ ۳۷۴ }

[ان مذکورہ کتب کے سکین پجیسس مومنین کی سہولت کے لئے تحریر کے آخر میں دستیاب ہیں]

تو اب ہم یہ سوال کونے کا حق رکھتے ہیں کہ بے شک کہ رسول ص ظاہری طور پر واقعہ کربلاء کے وقت حیات نہیں تھے مگر اگر رسول موجود ہوتے تو کیا ان کی حالت اس سے مختلف ہو سکتی تھی جو اپنے چچا کی شہادت دردناک پر تھی، بلکہ ہمیں یہ کہنے میں کوئی چیز حائل نہیں کہ اپنے نواسے کی شہادت کربناک پررسول کی حالت زار اس سے بھی زیادہ سنگین و بیان سے باہر ہوتی۔ کیوں کہ کجا ایک جنازہ مثلہ شدہ اور کہاں گھر کے اٹھارہ چراغ  جو گھڑوں کی ٹاپوں سے زد پائمالی پر تھے، یہیں سے ہمیں سنت رسول کے بابت آسانی سے علم ہو جاتا ہے۔

ہمیں اس وقت یہ خطرہ گلوگیر ہے کہ کہیں تحریر  کا دامن زیادہ تجاوز نہ کر جائے وگرنہ ہم سنت پیمبر ص سے اس کی کئی ایک مثالیں عرض کر سکتے ہیں پر قاری کی طبعیت پر زیادہ سنگینی کے خیال سے اس ہی پر قناعت کرتے ہیں۔

تو اب کس طرح کسی مسلمان کے لئے جائز ہے کہ وہ کہے کہ ہم زندہ و جاوید کا ماتم نہیں کرتے، اور اگر اب بھی کہے گا تو فرمان رسول و سیرت پیمبر ص سے بغآوت ہے

اس کے علاوہ جو شہادت پا کر زندہ ہوا ہو وہ تو ایک طرف قران میں تو زندہ پر رونے کا پتہ ملتا ہے۔ اور اس پر حضرت یعقوب ع کا جناب یوسف ع پر گریا کرنا دال ہے جس سے ان کی انکھیں تک سفید ہو گئیں ۔

تو اب اگر ہم اس شعر کا جواب شعر سے دینا چاہین تو یوں کہیں گے کہ

کیا روئو گے ان کو جو ہلاک ابدی ہیں کیون زندہ و جاوید کا ماتم نہیں کرتے

کیون کہ قران و حدیث تو یہی کہتے ہیں کہ زندہ و جاوید کا ہی ماتم ہونا چاہیے۔ اب اگر کسی کو یہ ناپسند ہو تو وہ ان کو رو سکتا ہے جو ہلاک ابدی ہیں،

یہاں پر میں بس اس بات پر اس تحریر کو ختم کروں گا کہ کہا جاتا ہے کہ رونا بزدلی کی نشانی ہے مگر ہم کہتے ہیں کہ میدان جنگ میں جان جانے کے خوف سے رونا بزدلی ہے مگر کسی خطرناک جہاد میں عدم شرکت کی وجہ پر رونا بزدلی نہیں عین بہادری ہے۔ کربلاء میں زخم کھآتے خون بہاتے مجاہدین نہیں روئے بلکہ بریر اور عبد الرحمن آپس میں مذاق کرتے دیکھائی دیے، حتی کہ اصغر ع بھی مسکراتے دیکھائی دیے، مگر امام سجاد ع ساری عمر آنسو بہاتے دیکھائی دیے۔

تو ہمارا رونا اس وجہ سے ہے کہ ہم اس محاذ میں شامل نہ ہو کر دینا و آخرت کی سعادت کو نہ پا سکے پر اب اس پر آنسو بہا کر اس مقصد سے قرب حاصل کرتے ہیں اور بے چینی سے انتظار میں ہیں کہ کب ہمیں نصرت حق کاموقع ملے اور کب ہمارا خون شہداء کربلاء سے جا ملے۔

دعا ہے کہ ہماری اس سعی ناچیز کو بارگاہ امامت میں شرف قبولیت عطا ہو، اور ہمارے معاصی بے حساب کی مغفرت کا سامان ہو جائے۔ آخر میں خیر طلب بھائی کے بھی ممنون ہیں جنہوں نے ہمیں سکین پیجز عنایت فرمائے خداوند متعال بتصدق آل محمد ص ان کی توفقات میں مزید اضافہ فرمائے۔ امین

                                                                                                 

طالب دعا

                                                                                          سید حسنین رضا بخاری

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Posted in: Ahlebait,History,Inspiration,Karbala,Prophet Muhammed,Thoughts Provoking Articles,world

As soon as the Crescent of Muharram!

As soon as the crescent of Muharram appears in the sky the whole world seems to change into Karbala to pay gratitude to the supreme revolutionist this universe has ever seen. The new Islamic/Hijri year starts with the worldwide commemoration of the greatest sacrifice of Imam Hussain (AS) and the tragedy he endured in the land of Karbala. His sacrifice yielded the most efficacious revolution that changed the course of millions of lives to come.  The impact of the greatest sacrifice, Imam Hussain (AS) endured more than 1400 years ago, is larger than life. The revolution of Karbala is not only an inspiration for the followers of a specific religion rather it sets the guiding principles and an inspirational roadmap for all the mankind, indifferent of the religion they follow, to stand up against oppression and tyranny. Karbala spreads a universal message of non-violent resistance and supreme sacrifice to the cause and in today’s climate of violence, extremism and tyranny; it is more pertinent than ever. For the very same reason prominent leaders, statesmen, scholars, philosophers and historians from different religions and regions of the world paid gratitude to Imam Hussain (AS). Let’s have a look at few of them.

The most renowned Indian political and spiritual leader Mahatma Gandhi said: “I learned from Hussain how to achieve victory while being oppressed.” Gandhi is believed to have studied the history of Islam and Imam Hussain (AS), and was adamant of the opinion that Islam represented not the legacy of a sword but of sacrifices of Imam Hussain (AS) and his unrivaled companions. Gandhi said: “My faith is that the progress of Islam does not depend on the use of sword by its believers, but the result of the supreme sacrifice of Hussain (A.S.), the great saint.”
Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of independent India (1947–64) deemed Karbala to represent humanity strength and determination. He writes: “Imam Hussain’s (AS) sacrifice is for all groups and communities, an example of the path of righteousness.”
Dr. Rajendra Prasad the first president of independent India (26 January 1950 – 13 May 1962) describes the supreme sacrifice of Imam Hussain (AS) as universal. He writes, “The sacrifice of Imam Hussain (AS) is not limited to one country, or nation, but it is the hereditary state of the brotherhood of all mankind.”
Sir Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan , the first Vice President of India (1952–1962) and subsequently the second President of India (1962–1967), writes “Though Imam Hussain (AS)gave his life years ago, but his indestructible soul rules the hearts of people even today.” It goes without saying that no revolution in the history of mankind had or will have such a huge impact.
Sarojini Naidu, the first Indian woman to become the President of the Indian National Congress and the first woman to become the Governor of Uttar Pradesh state, expresses her views about Imam Hussain (AS) as: “I congratulate Muslims that from among them, Hussain (AS), a great human being was born, who is reverted and honored totally by all communities”.
Clearly inspired from the victory of Imam Hussain (AS), Scottish historian and essayist Thomas Carlyle elucidates: “The best lesson which we get from the tragedy of Cerebella is that Husain and his companions were rigid believers in God. They illustrated that the numerical superiority does not count when it comes to the truth and the falsehood. The victory of Husain, despite his minority, marvels me!”
The Professor of Arabic at the University of Cambridge and a British orientalist Simon Ockley (1678-1720), writes about the final speech of Imam Hussain (AS): “Then Husain mounted his horse, and took the Koran and laid it before him, and, coming up to the people, invited them to the performances of their duty: adding, ‘O God, thou art my confidence in every trouble, and my hope in all adversity!’… He next reminded them of his excellencies, the nobility of his birth, the greatness of his power, and his high descent, and said, ‘Consider with yourselves whether or not such a man as I am is not better than you; I who am the son of your prophet’s daughter, besides whom there is no other upon the face of the earth. Ali was my father; Jaafar and Hamza, the chief of the martyrs, were both my uncles; and the apostle of God, upon whom be peace, said both of me and my brother, that we were the chief of the youth of paradise. If you will believe me, what I say is true, for by God, I never told a lie in earnest since I had my understanding; for God hates a lie. If you do not believe me, ask the companions of the apostle of God [here he named them], and they will tell you the same. Let me go back to what I have.’ They asked, ‘What hindered him from being ruled by the rest of his relations.’ He answered, ‘God forbid that I should set my hand to the resignation of my right after a slavish manner. I have recourse to God from every tyrant that doth not believe in the day of account.’” - [The History of the Saracens, London, 1894, pp. 404-5] 
Ignaz Goldziher (1850-1921), the Famous Jewish Hungarian orientalist entitled the 10^th of Muharram as the Black day. He writes: “Ever since the black day of Karbala, the history of this family … has been a continuous series of sufferings and persecutions. These are narrated in poetry and prose, in a richly cultivated literature of martyrologies – a Shi’i specialty – and form the theme of Shi’i gatherings in the first third of the month of Muharram, whose tenth day (‘ashura) is kept as the anniversary of the tragedy at Karbala. Scenes of that tragedy are also presented on this day of commemoration in dramatic form (ta’ziya). ‘Our feast days are our assemblies of mourning.’ So concludes a poem by a prince of Shi’i disposition recalling the many mihan of the Prophet’s family. Weeping and lamentation over the evils and persecutions suffered by the ‘Alid family, and mourning for its martyrs: these are things from which loyal supporters of the cause cannot cease. ‘More touching than the tears of the Shi’is’ has even become an Arabic proverb.” - [Introduction to Islamic Theology and Law, Princeton, 1981, p. 179]
Member of Parliament Edward Gibbon, considered as the greatest British historian of his time writes writes about Imam Hussain (AS) in his most important work, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire: “In a distant age and climate, the tragic scene of the death of Hosein will awaken the sympathy of the coldest reader.” (The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, London,1911, volume 5, p. 391-392)
Peter J. Chelkowski, Professor of Middle Eastern Studies, New York University, writes about the atrocities Imam Hussain (AS) endured: “Hussein accepted and set out from Mecca with his family and an entourage of about seventy followers. But on the plain of Kerbela they were caught in an ambush set by the … caliph, Yazid. Though defeat was certain, Hussein refused to pay homage to him. Surrounded by a great enemy force, Hussein and his company existed without water for ten days in the burning desert of Kerbela. Finally Hussein, the adults and some male children of his family and his companions were cut to bits by the arrows and swords of Yazid’s army; his women and remaining children were taken as captives to Yazid in Damascus. The renowned historian Abu Reyhan al-Biruni states; “… then fire was set to their camp and the bodies were trampled by the hoofs of the horses; nobody in the history of the human kind has seen such atrocities.” - [Ta'ziyeh: Ritual and Drama in Iran, New York, 1979, p. 2]
Reynold Alleyne Nicholson(1868-1945), an eminent English orientalist, and widely regarded as one of the greatest Rumi scholars, writes, ”Husayn fell, pierced by an arrow, and his brave followers were cut down beside him to the last man. Muhammadan tradition, which with rare exceptions is uniformly hostile to the Umayyad dynasty, regards Husayn as a martyr and Yazid as his murderer.” - [A Literary History of the Arabs, Cambridge, 1930, p. 197 ] 

 The views of English novelist Charles John Huffam Dickens’ about Imam Hussain (AS) are a slap in the face of the shameless and so called Muslim Scholars of the likes of Zakir Naik: “If Husain had fought to quench his worldly desires…then I do not understand why his sister, wife, and children accompanied him. It stands to reason therefore, that he sacrificed purely for Islam.”
I will leave you people with a saying of Imam Hussain (AS), as a concluding note, in which he explains the mission of his sacrifice in his own words. Imam Hussain (A.S.) said: “I have taken this stand not out of arrogance or pride, neither out of mischief or injustice. I have risen to seek reform in the community of my grandfather. I would like to bid good, forbid evil, and follow the tradition of my grandfather and my father ‘Ali bin Abi Talib.”

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Posted in: History,Imam hussain in unknow muslims eyes,Inspiration,iraq,Karbala. Iran,nadeem sarwar 2013 nohay,nawhy,Thoughts Provoking Articles,world

The Pledge of Ashura

O mourners of the most supreme sacrifice in the realm of humanity! O you Azadaar of the Chief of Martyrs and his family! O you whose hearts are softened and your souls tear apart from the reminder of the supreme tragedy of Ashura! Are YOU prepared to face the day of Ashura?
Ashura – the day when the hardest of hearts have melted, the cruelest of tyrants have mourned, the laws of nature have inverted. Ashura is the day that calls for change, the day that calls for revolution. No matter how magnanimous or how tiny the revolution is, no matter at what level (societal or individual) the change can be, but change is inevitable on the day of Ashura!
Ashura in its all-encompassing glory is and always will be the inspiration of stark thinkers and revolutionaries. It pushes individuals into the direction of inner self reformation which manifests in the society as good actions and noble behavior, thus creating an outer revolution! This is how we can see an actualization of the essence of “Every day is Ashura, every land is Karbala”.
As we enter into the day of Ashura, we must let our hearts explore the depths of the supreme revolution of Imam Hussain (peace be upon him), delve our hearts and minds into how and why the spirit of Ashura has inverted human nature and the essence of human relationships of father-son, husband-wife, mother-child, and so on. How intensely do we experience the grief surrounding this day in the words of Ziyarat Ashura:  ”…More than the personal grief that torments anyone who is in great agony, sorrows which have no parallel and overshadow all calamities that took place in the history of Islam, for that matter, throughout the whole universe.”
Oh Shias of Hussain! Know that on this day, the one who is the most intensely aggrieved is the Imam of Our Time (may Allah hasten his reappearance). On the day of Ashura, what will you communicate to your Master and your Leader of the Time? What vow(s) will you make to the “avenger of the Martyred ones in Karbala”? How will you yearn to assist him in his much awaited revolution?
On this day as we read the Ziyarat Ashura and try to connect our hearts with the heart of our Imam (as) and embark on these words: “I make peace with those who made their peace with you, I search out and confront those who waged war against you, I make friends with those who stood by you, I strive against those who came in conflict with you”, ask yourself if you know who the enemies and the friends of the Ahlul Bayt are in today’s world. Ask yourself how successful you have been in keeping this promise with your Imam over the years.
To put it briefly, we have two characters before us that stand out from the day of Ashura. On the one hand we have Umar ibn Saad, who in his complete knowledge (Ma’rifah) of the Ahlulbayt, betrayed them and waged war against them. On the other hand we have Hurr ibn Yazid al-Riyahi, whose conscience could not tolerate the torture and seclusion of the Ahlul Bayt, leading him to leave the path of Yazid and tread on the path of martyrdom with the truthful ones. On the day of Ashura, let us pledge to become the Hurrs of our time; let us give in our lives, our hearts and our souls to the path of everlasting truth and infinite bliss – the path of Imam Hussain and his grandson, the Imam of Our Time.

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Posted in: Ashura,History,Imam Ali,Inspiration,Islam,Karbala,Prophet Muhammed,Thoughts Provoking Articles

Three moments in time.

POINTED REPLIES … Three moments in time …
… WHEN YOU COULD HAVE HEARD A PIN DROP 
Take 1:Field Marshal Sam Bahadur Maneckshaw once started
addressing a public meeting at Ahmedabad in English. The crowd started chanting, “Speak in Gujarati.
We will hear you only if you speak in Gujarati.”
Field Marshal Sam Bahadur Maneckshaw stopped.
Swept the audience with a hard stare and replied,
“Friends, I have fought many a battle in my long career.
I have learned Punjabi from men of the Sikh Regiment;
Marathi from the Maratha Regiment; Tamil from the men
of the Madras Sappers; Bengali from the men of the
Bengal Sappers, Hindi from the Bihar Regiment;
and even Nepali from the Gurkha Regiment.
Unfortunately there was no soldier from Gujarat
from whom I could have learned Gujarati.”
……..   You could have heard a pin drop

——————————————————————————-
Take 2:

JFK’S Secretary of State, Dean Rusk, was in France
in the early 60′s when Charles DeGaule, the French
President, decided to pull out of NATO.
DeGaule said he wanted all US military out of France
as soon as possible.
Rusk responded “does that include the 180,000
who are buried here ?”
DeGaule could not respond.
…………. You could have heard a pin drop 
———————————————————————-
Take 3:

Robert Whiting, an elderly US gentleman of 83,
arrived in Paris by plane.
At French Customs, he took a few minutes
to locate his passport in his carry on.
“You have been to France before, Monsieur ?”
the Customs officer asked sarcastically.
Mr. Whiting admitted that he had been to France previously.
” Then you should know enough to have your passport ready.”
The American said, ‘The last time I was here,
I didn’t have to show it.”
“Impossible.  Americans always have to show their passports
on arrival in France !” the Customs officer sneered.
The American senior gave the Frenchman a long, hard look.
Then he quietly explained … ” Well, when I came ashore at
Omaha Beach, at 4:40am, on D-Day in 1944, to help liberate
your country, I couldn’t find a single Frenchman to show a
passport to. … “
…………. You could have heard a pin drop

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Posted in: Inspiration,Just Shared,Poem,Thoughts Provoking Articles

The Girl Who Cared…

There is a story about a beautiful & young 8 year-old girl.
The girl entered a small but busy cafe and took a seat in front of the cashier.
The waiter came immediately and put a glass of water in front of her.
“How much is a mixed ice cream cup?” the little girl asked.
“1 dollar and 75 cents” replied the waiter.
The little girl pulled her hand out of purse and studied the coins she had. “Well, how much is a plain ice cream?” she inquired.
By now, more people were waiting for a table and the waiter was growing very impatient. “1 dollar and 50 cents,” he impatiently replied.
The little girl again counted her coins. “I’ll have the plain ice cream,” she said.
The waiter brought the ice cream, put the bill on the table and walked away. The girl finished the ice cream, paid the cashier and left. When the waiter came back, a tear or two came out of his eyes.
As he wiped down the table, there placed neatly beside the empty dish were 25 cents. You see, she couldn’t have the mixed ice cream because she had to have enough money to leave him a tip!!
Moral: The pleasure of being selfless and thoughtful is better than the taste of being selfish. Think a little less about yourself and a little more about others.

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Posted in: A Beautiful Girl Siiting near the,Inspiration,Just Shared,Poem,Social life,Thoughts Provoking Articles

Are you a carrot, an egg or a coffee bean?

A young woman went to her mother and told her about her life and how things were so hard for her. She did not know how she was going to make it and wanted to give up, she was tired of fighting and struggling. It seemed as one problem was solved, a new one arose.
Her mother took her to the kitchen. She filled three pots with water and placed each on a high fire. Soon the pots came to boil.
In the first, she placed carrots, in the second she placed eggs, and in the last, she placed ground coffee beans. She let them sit and boil; without saying a word.
In about twenty minutes, she turned off the burners. She fished the carrots out and placed them in a bowl. She pulled the eggs out and placed them in a bowl. Then she ladled the coffee out and placed it in a bowl. Turning to her daughter, she asked, ‘Tell me, what do you see?’
‘Carrots, eggs, and coffee,’ she replied.
Her mother brought her closer and asked her to feel the carrots. She did and noted that they were soft.
The mother then asked the daughter to take an egg and break it. After pulling off the shell, she observed the hard boiled egg.
Finally, the mother asked the daughter to sip the coffee. The daughter smiled as she tasted its rich aroma. The daughter then asked,
‘What does it mean, mother?’
Her mother explained that each of these objects had faced the same adversity: boiling water. Each reacted differently. The carrot went in strong, hard, and unrelenting.
However, after being subjected to the boiling water, it softened and became weak.
The egg had been fragile. Its thin outer shell had protected its liquid interior, but after sitting through the boiling water, its inside became hardened.
The ground coffee beans were unique, however. After they were in the boiling water, they had changed the water.
‘Which are you?’ she asked her daughter. ‘When adversity knocks on your door, how do you respond? Are you a carrot, an egg or a coffee bean?
Think of this: Which am I? Am I the carrot that seems strong, but with pain and adversity, do I wilt and become soft and lose my strength?
Am I the egg that starts with a malleable heart, but changes with the heat? Did I have a fluid spirit, but after a death, a breakup, a financial hardship or some other trial, have I become hardened and stiff? Does my shell look the same, but on the inside am I bitter and tough with a stiff spirit and hardened heart?
Or am I like the coffee bean? The bean actually changes the hot water, the very circumstance that brings the pain. When the water gets hot, it releases the fragrance and flavor.
If you are like the bean, when things are at their worst, you get better and change the situation around you.
When the hour is the darkest and trials are their greatest, do you elevate yourself to another level? How do you handle adversity?

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Posted in: health,Inspiration,Social life,Thoughts Provoking Articles

God’s Accuracy, and some say there is no God.

-the eggs of the potato bug hatch in 7 days;
-those of the canary in 14 days;
-those of the barnyard hen in 21 days;
-The eggs of ducks and geese hatch in 28 days;
-those of the mallard in 35 days;
-The eggs of the parrot and the ostrich hatch in 42 days.
(Notice, they are all divisible by seven, the number of days in a week!)
God’s wisdom is seen in the making of an elephant.
The four legs of this great beast all bend forward in the same direction.
No other quadruped is so made.
God planned that this animal would have a huge body, too large to live on two legs.
For this reason He gave it four fulcrums so that it can rise from the ground easily.
The horse rises from the ground on its two front legs first.
A cow rises from the ground with its two hind legs first.
God’s wisdom is revealed in His arrangement of sections and segments, as well as in the number of grains.
-Each watermelon has an even number of stripes on the rind.
-Each orange has an even number of segments.
-Each ear of corn has an even number of rows.
-Each stalk of wheat has an even number of grains.
-Every bunch of bananas has on its lowest row an even number of bananas,
and each row decreases by one, so that one row has an even number and the next row an odd number.
-The waves of the sea roll in on shore twenty-six to the minute in all
kinds of weather.
All grains are found in even numbers on the stalks, and the Lord specified thirty fold, sixty fold, and a hundred fold – all even numbers.
He has caused the flowers to blossom at certain specified times during the day, so that Linnaeus, the great botanist, once said that if he had a conservatory containing the right kind of soil, moisture and temperature, he could tell the time of day or night by the flowers that were open and those that were closed!

I HOPE YOU FIND THIS AS FASCINATING AS I DID.

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Posted in: Inspiration,Just Shared

The Art of Complaining.

The heat, the natural disasters, the bad economy, unfortunate events, bad luck, fate – the list can go on, and it has been causing many people to perfect the art of complaining. As this holy month of Ramadan passed, it was full of energy and bustling communities, but unfortunately, also a lot of complaining. “The fasts are soooo long now!” or, “The heat makes it so hard to fast, what’s going to happen next year?” And again, the list can go on. There is also a popular saying in Urdu: “Roza lag raha hai.” Which translates pretty much into: “I’m feeling my fast.” Really? It’s been over a thousand years since fasting has been prescribed to us, that we at least try and understand its point. After all, isn’t one of the main purposes of fasting to feel the hunger pangs that the poor and needy feel every day?Along with the long fasts this year, our world has been going through some extreme weather changes. Yes, it is hot in most places where it is usually cold, and it will probably be very cold in places this coming winter. But instead of finding solutions, or looking at the bright side of things, we all find ways to complement each others’ complaints, “Yeah I know, it’s unbearable!” or, “I know, I hate this place.”
Unfortunately, we have not perfected our self-control; therefore, we find ways to complain to make conversation and relate to others, rather than finding common interests or life situations to discuss.
Islam encourages us to stay in touch with recent world happenings, because sometimes it helps us put our lives into perspective. It may encourage someone to do a good humanitarian act, or even strike up a fruitful conversation in which issues and hopefully solutions can be discussed, rather than complaints about how hot the weather is or how crowded the streets are. Allah created us with high potential and the ability to become the most perfect human beings and creations.
Of course, nobody is perfect, and we all slip sometimes, but it should be of our utmost priority to make the best out of what Allah has sent our way. If we believe in the verse where Allah says “Verily with hardship there is ease!” (94:6), then we should understand that no matter how hard something may be for us, there will be an easy time to follow. Of course, it is not an easy task to think positively 24/7, but especially during times of obvious discomfort for majority of people, we should be mindful and aware that when we converse among ourselves, that we are not complaining against Allah’s will.
Burdens are blessings in disguise. As a test of our faith, we need to take them in stride and develop a greater positive attitude when tested with burdens. In this way, we will be able to learn self-control and reliance on Allah. The more we complain, the less we understand the deeper meaning of the burden. Be it heat, cold, a bad grade, an accident, or even losing our car keys, we should take each incident and situation as something to learn from. Our main goal in life is not to perfect the art of complaining; rather, it is to accept whatever problems and challenges we encounter and use each opportunity to help build ourselves into more perfect human beings.

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Posted in: Inspiration,Thoughts Provoking Articles